5G Network Architecture & O-RAN Implementation

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Problem

Understanding modern 5G networks requires more than theoretical knowledge. The shift from tightly coupled hardware-based systems to software-driven, platform-agnostic (COTS) architectures introduces complexity across RAN, Core, interfaces, splits, and orchestration layers. Bridging this gap demands hands-on exposure to real deployments and interfaces.

Approach

• •Studied the evolution of mobile communication systems from 2G → 3G → 4G → 5G, including India's role in this transition
• •Analyzed the shift from hard-coded hardware platforms to software-defined, COTS-based architectures
• •Gained detailed understanding of 5G RAN architecture, including CU/DU separation
• •Studied Layer 3 modules (RRC, PDCP, SDAP, RRM, OAM) and Layer 2 modules (MAC, RLC)
• •Analyzed major 5G interfaces: NG, XN, X2, O1, E1, F1, E2, and FAPI
• •Compared functional splits (Split 2, 6, 7.2x, 8) with their pros and cons
• •Explored O-RAN architecture, including SMO, Non-RT RIC, Near-RT RIC, rApps, and xApps
• •Performed hands-on deployment of 5G RAN and Core Network using open-source platforms
• •Captured and analyzed protocol traces at different interface levels
• •Modified source code, compiled components, and validated end-to-end call flows

Outcome

• •Developed a strong architectural and practical understanding of 5G networks
• •Gained hands-on experience in deploying and analyzing 5G RAN and Core components
• •Understood interface-level behavior, functional splits, and network orchestration concepts
• •Built industry-relevant skills aligned with real-world 5G deployments
• •Established a solid foundation for future evolution toward 6G

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